Question bank

Chapter-2   Sentence & Their Kinds
Q-1 True Or False
(a) I can walk five miles a day.
(b) Nobody can read a poem.
(c) The Principal is work.
(d) Do your duty.
(e) You face difficulty in solving sums.
(g) Slow and steady.
(h) Sunday is a holiday.
(i) The Himalayas mountain
(j) He loves to eat.
Q-2 Fill in the blanks
(a) _____________ looked for nectar in the flower.
(b) ___________________ has lots of clothes in it.
(c) _____________ checked my vision.
(d) ______________ needs soil, water and sunlight.
(e) ______________________ landed in the UFO.
(f) ______________________ jumped into the sea.
(g) ______________________was upset because I broke her favourite vase
(h) ______________________ is filled with stories that I wrote.
(i) ______________________ spun a web in the doorway.
Q-3 State the kinds of the following sentences
(a) Add the milk to the dry ingredients slowly.
(b) Who was the first female astronaut?
(c) Buckle your seatbelt even for short trips.
(d) Please put the stamped envelopes in this box.
(e) You must be joking.
(f) May God fulfil all your dreams.
(g) In 1776, there were fiy-three newspapers in London.
Q-4 Make affirmave or negave sentences with these jumbled words.
(a) is he new now singing song a
(b) I like do not Mondays
(c) cats usually night at do not sleep
(d) the to computer goes on Tuesday she seldom aernoon lab
(e) late do stay up on weekdays mum and dad not
(f) to the car the is reporter running
Chapter-3   Noun
Q-1 Fill in the blanks
(a) Reema can dance. She is a _____________.
(b) Mr. Das teaches English. He is a _____________.
(c) M F Hussain painted pictures. He was a ______________.
(d) The man rides a horse. He is a __________.
(e) Lata singswell. She is a ______________.
(f) God created the universe. He is the ______________.
(g) Salman actsin films. He is an ______________.
(h) He worksin a farm. He is a ______________.
Q-2 Form abstract nouns from the following adjecves.
(a) Angry
(b) Hungry
(c) Wise
(d) Thirsty
(e) Honest
(f) Different
(g) Able
Q-3 Form abstract nouns from the following nouns.
(a) Brother
(b) Scholar
(c) King
(d) Mother
(e) Friend
(f) Child
(g) Neighbour
(h) Member
Multiple Choice Questions
Q-1 Which of the following is a common noun ?

(i)

Birds

(ii)

Samsung

(iii)

London

(iv)

Iron
Q-2 Which of the following is a proper noun ?

(i)

Nitin

(ii)

Milk

(iii)

Sister

(iv)

Singer
Q-3 Which of the following is not an abstract noun ?

(i)

Family

(ii)

Goodness

(iii)

Bravery
Q-4 Which of the following is not a countable noun?

(i)

Gold

(ii)

Horse

(iii)

Apple

(iv)

Books
Q-5 A man is known by the company he keeps. Which is the abstract noun here?

(i)

Man

(ii)

Known

(iii)

Company

(iv)

Keeps
Chapter-4   Common & Proper Nouns
Q-1 Think of a proper noun for each common noun.
(a) woman =
(b) mountain =
(c) book =
(d) monument =
(e) holiday =
(f) day =
(g) restaurant =
(h) hotel =
Chapter-5   Collective nouns
Q-1 Fill in the blanks
(a) a ______________ of bees.
(b) a ____________ of ships.
(c) a ___________ of arrows.
(d) a ___________ of lions.
(e) a __________ of fish
(f) a __________ of puppies
(g) a __________ of students
(h) a __________ of birds
(i) a __________ of wolves
Q-2 Fill in the blanks
(a) The ____________ of wolves was hungry.
(b) The ____________ of cows grazed in the meadow.
(c) He gave the monkey a _________ of bananas.
(d) A _________________ of bees was chasing me.
(e) My cat had a ___________ of kiens.
(f) Aer the event was over, the ___________ vacated the venue
(g) There are some old and rare photographs in the ___________.
Q-3 Match the collective noun to the noun it goes with.
Chapter-6   Countable And Uncountable Nouns
Q-1 Write C for countable nouns and U for uncountable nouns
Oil
(b) Flour
(c) Honey –
(d) Eggs –
(e) Chocolate –
(f) Onions –
(g) Paper –
(h) Sugar –
(i) Salt –
(j) Meat –
(k) Lemons –
Chapter-7   Nouns:Number
Q-1 Fill in the blanks
(a) There were two ____________ playing in the yard.
(b) Anurag is my __________.
(c) There are ____________ in the kitchen.
(d) We bought fresh ____________ from the farmer.
(e) The _____________ hit a tree.
(f) The _____________ gave a loud roar.
(g) I had one _____________ for the breakfast.
(h) I want to build a sand _____________.
(i) I saw a _____________ at the gate.
(j) The pond was full of different _____________.
Q-2 Fill in the blanks
(a) I can see two _____________ in the fish tank.
(b) How many ______________ are there in the school yard?
(c) Many trees lose their ___________ in the fall.
(d) Many __________ live in the park.
(f) Sharks can grow thousands of _____________ in a lifeme
(g) Cats like to catch _____________. (mouse)
Q-3 Underline the noun and write ‘S’ if it is singular or ‘P’ if it is plural.
(a) Where is my book ?
(b) Your shoes are red.
(c) Clean your room.
(d) Can you walk the dog?
(e) Put your clothes away.
(f) Your boots are dirty.
(g) The cat is lazy
Chapter-8   Nouns: Gender
Q-1 Write the feminine of the following:
(a) fox –
(b) dog –
(c) author –
(d) headmaster –
(e) husband –
(f) cock –
(g) wizard –
(h) horse –
Q-2 Write the masculine of the following:
(a) cow –
(b) mare –
(c) heroine –
(d) hen –
(e) queen –
(f) nun –
(g) lady –
Q-3 Rewrite the following sentences using nouns of the opposite gender. Also, make other required changes.
(a) The man went to the dining hall.
(b) His brother has a car.
(c) The king went to the palace.
(d) The girls went to the science museum.
(e) His sister is a heroine.
(f) He is the son of a washerman.
Chapter-9   Nouns: Possession
Q-1 Rewrite the group of words using an apostrophe
(a) The book of the teacher
(b) The garden of my aunt
(c) The house of my friend
(d) The stripes of the zebra
(e) The car of my sister
(f) The bole of the baby
(g) The medicine of my mother
Q-2 Complete each sentence by putting apostrophe ’s after the noun.
(a) The car belongs to my father. It is my
(b) The dog belongs to Tony. It is
(c) The keys belong to my mother. They are my
(d) The book belongs to my teacher. It is my
(e) The house belongs to my grandma. It is my
(f) The pencil belongs to the students. It is the
(g) The ball belongs to Anil. It is
Chapter-10   Adjectives
Q-1 Fill in the blanks with the interrogative adjectives.
(a) ______________ bag do you want ? l want the red one.
(b) _______________ bag are you looking for? I'm looking for my bag.
(c) ____________ poem won the first prize? This poem won.
(d) _____________ poem was it? It was her poem.
(e) _____________ colour is his car? It is red.
Q-2 Fill in the blanks with the adjectives of quality.
(a) I have a _____________ dress.
(b) ____________ mangoes look yellow.
(c) He lives in an ___________ house.
(d) He entered through the _____________ door.
(e) A _____________man lived near the _____________ temple.
Q-3 Fill in the blanks with the possessive adjectives.
(a) Do you live with _________ parents?
(b) Where is ____________ book? I can't find it.
(c) She washed ___________ hair and dried it.
(d) They were happy because __________ team won the match.
(e) He washed _____________ hands and sat down to eat.
(f) The dog wagged _____________ tail in happiness.
(g) You should brush _____________ teeth daily.
(h) He is very fond of _____________ brother.
Q-4 Underline the adjecves in the following sentences.
(a) The enormous elephant loved peanuts.
(b) The warm sun melted the snow.
(c) Those purple flowers are rare.
(d) My blue van is parked in front of the library.
(e) The old schoolhouse is in disrepair.
(f) The quick iguana scampered across the fence.
(g) I love to pet fluffy rabbits.
Multiple Choice Questions
Q-1 The recent downward trend in poverty due to coronavirus pandemic seems ______ .

(i)

encouraged

(ii)

encouraging
Q-2 When you are not in good spirits, it is ______ to stay in bed all day.

(i)

tempted

(ii)

tempting
Q-3 One finding that appeared ______ was that birth rates were declining.

(i)

troubled

(ii)

troubling
Q-4 Never had Ann felt so ______ by the landscape she travelled through.

(i)

charmed

(ii)

charming
Chapter-11   Comparison of Adjectives
Q-1 Fill in the blanks with the comparative forms of adjectives.
(a) I am___________ than my sister.
(b) My mum thinks that cats are ___________ pets than dogs.
(c) Motorcycle race is _______________ than cycling.
(d) A blue whale is___________ than twenty-five elephants.
(e) A blue whale is _____________ (heavy) than twenty-five elephants.
(f) You look _____________ (thin) than the last month. Have you lost weight?
(g) Bicycles are _____________ (slow) than cars.
Q-2 Fill in each blank with the comparative or superlative form .
(a) The trumpet is the ___________ of all the instruments.
(b) This movie was ____________ than the last movie.
(c) Our new TV is the ____________ one I have ever seen.
(d) Tom's sneakers are__________ than mine.
(e) Math is (difficult) _____________ than English for me.
(f) Pineapples are (sweet) _____________ than oranges.
(g) This computer is the (slow) _____________ one I have ever used.
(h) My mother's curry is (spicy) _____________ than my aunt's.
(i) We should go to your house because it is (close) _____________ than mine.
Q-3 Write the comparave forms of the adjecves:
(a) tall
(b) fast
(c) heavy
(d) dangerous
(e) small
(f) large
(g) light
(h) rare
Q-4 Correct the following sentences
(a) Cats are popularer than snakes as pets.
(b) Pigs are more intelligent as other animals.
(c) Turtles are slow than crocodiles.
(d) Elephants are heavyer than pigs.
(e) Bears are more rare than snakes.
(f) The Himalayas are the higher mountains in the world.
(g) The peacock is the more beaufuler of all birds.
Chapter-12   A,an,the
Q-1 Fill in each blank with 'a' or 'an'.
(a) l met _______ boy on my way home.
(b) There is ____________ old man walking on the road.
(c) Paul has ____________ new pen.
(d) Gold is ____________ precious metal.
(e) I met _______ European in the market.
(f) Kolkata is _______ big city in India.
(g) I saw _______ Eskimo sing on a chair.
(h) _______ igloo is made of snow.
Q-2 Fill in each blank with 'a', 'an' or 'the'.
(a) ____________man was sitting under ____________ tree.
(b) I live in ___ city. ____________ city is very beautiful.
(c) ___ lion is ___ king of animals.
(d) This is ___ red dress. ___ dress is mine.
(e) We were invited to _______ party yesterday. But we cannot aend _______ party
(f) _______ Pacific Ocean is _______ big ocean.
(g) My mother told me _______ interesng story about _______ ancient people.
(h) The Eiffel Tower is _______ tall tower. It is _______ most beauful tower in the world.
Q-3 Complete each sentence with ‘a’, ‘an’ or ‘the’.
(a) Did you have _______ enjoyable weekend?
(b) _______ Ramayana and the Mahabharata are the famous epics of the Hindus.
(c) COVID-19 virus had caused _______ lockdown in our country.
(d) _______Olympic Games are held once every four years.
(e) You should not speak ill of _______ person.
(f) He eats a piece of bread, a banana and _______ egg in breakfast.
(g) We saw _______ monkey having a scarf around its neck.
(h) _______ Solar System has eight planets.
Chapter-13   Pronouns
Q-1 Fill in the blanks
(a) This is the bank ____________________ was robbed yesterday.
(b) Where are ____________________ friends now?
(c) Here is a postcard from ______________ friend piggy.
(d) ______________ husband works in Newcastle.
(e) He came with a friend ______________waited outside in the car.
(f) The woman ______________ gave him the money was young.
(g) The bag ______________ contained the money was yellow.
(h) The people ______________were in the bank were very frightened.
(i) A man ______________mobile was ringing did not know what to do.
Q-2 Fill in the blanks with the correct reflexive pronouns.
(a) I did not want to believe it and then l saw the UFO _____ _
b) The girl looked at ____________ in the mirror
(c) You don't need to help them. They can do it _____
(d) I introduced ____________ to my new neighbour.
(e) I introduced ______________ to my new neighbour.
(f) Boys, can you make your beds ______________?
(g) She made ______________ a pullover.
Q-3 Underline the pronouns in the following sentences.
(a) She went to the store with Ajay
(b) Six of us had to wait for the lunch.
(c) Every Sunday, Kate goes to the market with them.
(d) At the store, the cashier gave her some change.
(e) When the sun comes up, he leaves for work.
(f) I enjoyed seeing them on the playground.
(g) Have you hung the painng on the wall yet?
(h) Have you seen the sandcastle we built?
Q-4 Fill in the blanks with the correct pronouns.
(a) My sister Jane loves books. This novel is for ______________.
(b) My cousins like Disney films. The video is for ______________.
(c) My brother Harry collects picture postcards. These postcards are for ______________.
(d) My parents like Lan music. The CD is for ______________.
(e) I like watches. This nice watch is for ______________.
Chapter-14   Verbs
Q-1 Fill in the blanks
(a) Tell me. _________________ you coming to the party?
(b) Where ______________ they go yesterday?
(c) He _______________ called me twice this morning.
(d) What _________________ you do every Sunday?
(e) She _______ not want to stay at home. She wants to go out with her friends.
(f) He ____________ called me twice this morning.
(g) What ____________ she do in her free me?
Q-2 Encircle the action verb in each sentence below.
(a) Ravi listens to his favourite song.
(b) Sachin hits the ball over the fence.
(c) The lile pig grunts.
(d) The roof of the house leaks.
(e) The hunter searches for a deer.
(f) The doctor examines his paents.
Q-3 Draw lines to match the verbs in Column Awith their past participles in Column B.
Chapter-15   Present, past and future tense
Q-1 Fill in the blanks
(a) Meena _______________ to school last week.
(b) We _________________(celebrate) our anniversary in 2026.
(c) We _________________ (clean) the rooms of our hostel after the party.
(d) Why do you always _______________ (talk) about me?
(e) Who ______________ (stand) behind the curtain last night?
(f) They rarely ______________ (buy) some milk from the market.
(g) My classmate always ______________ (read) books.
Q-2 Encircle the action verb in the following sentences.
(a) Seema likes movies.
(b) You will be late.
(c) Dad read the newspaper
(d) We will play a game
(e) He will go with you.
(f) It rained yesterday.
(g) The man walks every day.
(h) She enjoyed the party.
Chapter-16   The simple present tense
Q-1 Fill in the blanks
(a) I _______________ your reasoning.
(b) Mother ___________ dinner for the family
(c) Children _________________ chocolates.
(d) John _____________ the guitar everyday.
(f) They _________ English at school.
(g) I _________ to go home now.
(h) It _________ here in December
Q-2 Fill in the blanks
(a) Radha ________ her home work.
(b)I ____________ my bike every day.
(c) John ___________ to music.
(d) Tom ____________ cricket with his friends.
(e) My father _______________ his new car
(f) You _______________ the newspaper every morning.
(g) My sister _______________ TV in the evening.
(h) We _______________ dinner at 8 o' clock every night.
Q-3 Change the following sentences into present tense.
(a) Gopi and Hari did their homework.
(b) Seema washed her hair every morning.
(c) Many animals lived in the jungle.
(d) A fisherman caught fish.
(e) The teacher wrote on the blackboard.
(f) The Sun gave us light and heat.
(g) The stars twinkled at night.
Q-4 Underline the verbs in the following sentences
(a) Children make a lot of noise.
(b) Sarah likes slow music very much.
(c) I brush my teeth twice a day.
(d) She does her homework regularly.
(e) Tom drinks milk for breakfast.
(f) They get up at 7 o' clock in the morning
Chapter-17   The Present Continous tense
Q-1 Fill in the blanks
(a) It _____________ outside.
(b) Ravi ___________________ to his friend.
(c) He ___________ tennis there.
(d) They _____________________ a noise in the class.
(e) I ____________ my doctor tonight.
(f) We ____________ the door.
(g) Sita ____________ in the library.
(h) She ____________ a sweater for her son.
Q-2 Fill in the blanks
(a) John is ______________ a book now.
(b) What are you _____________ tonight?
(c) Jack and Peter are ____________ late today.
(d) Shiva is not ____________ to music.
(e) Maria is ____________ next to Paul.
(f) How many other students are ____________ with you?
(g) The phone is ____________.
(h) The girl is ____________ the plants.
Q-3 Underline the present participle forms of the verbs in the following sentences.
(a) I am watching television.
(b) Jack is doing his homework.
(c) Rita is having fun in the pool.
(d) Richard is walking to school.
(e) Paul is coming here to meet me.
(f) The hairdresser is cutting Sam's hair.
(g) The shopkeeper is tying a parcel.
(h) I am wrtting a leer to my friend.
Chapter-18   The Simple Past Tense
Q-1 Fill in the blanks
(a) Children____________ quickly.
(b) They ___________________ their clothes in the bathroom.
(c) We ____________ an interesting film.
(d) Students _____________ in the garden.
(c) We ______________ (walk) in the park.
(g) Ganesh ______________ (play) basketball.
(h) The girl ______________ (skip) very fast.
Q-2 Fill in the blanks
(a) Dad _____________ me how to use the computer.
(b) The bell ______________ loudly.
(c) Everyone ____________and _____________ at the picnic.
(d) The tortoise ____________ the race.
(e) The player ______________ his leg.
(f) Somebody ______________my purse in the market.
(g) He ______________ a large bag.
(h) They ______________ up early.
(i) Pinky ______________ a new dress from the market
Q-3 Rewrite these sentences in the simple past tense.
(a) She wants to wear a new frock.
(b) Ranju sings beautifully.
(c) They try to break into the house.
(d) We write in our notebooks.
(e) I go to the playground.
(f) We play hide and seek.
(g) He seems to be angry.
Q-4 Write the past tense of each verb.
(a) sit
(b) speak
(c) run
(d) make
(e) swim
(f) call
(g) sleep
(h) stand
Chapter-19   Subject-verb agreement
Q-1 Fill in each blank with 'was' or 'were'.
(a) I ____________ at home.
(b) We _________ bored .
(c) My friends __________ tired.
(d) Our neighbours _____________ friendly and helpful.
(e) These shoes _________ too big for you.
(f) My bedroom _________ undy
(g) There _________ a poster in the classroom.
Q-2 Fill in each blank with 'has' or 'have'.
(a) I ___________ two new pencils.
(b) They _________ a test today.
(c) The monkey__________ a yellow banana.
(d) I don't ___________ any brother or sister.
(f) We don't _________ school on Saturday.
(g) A car _________ four wheels.
(h) My team _________ a busy schedule.
(i) Do you _________ me for me?
Q-3 Fill in each blank with ‘is’, ‘are’ or ‘am’.
(a) My cat _________ black and white.
(b) He _________ inside the house.
(c) Ashok and Alok _________ away.
(d) New York _________ a city in the US.
(e) Pancakes _________ good.
(f) Many of my friends _________ coming today.
(g) Ice cream _________ cold.
Multiple Choice Questions
Q-1 The captain as well as the passengers ____ frightened.

(i)

were

(ii)

was
Q-2 Collecting old coins and paper notes __________ one of my father's hobbies.

(i)

was

(ii)

were
Q-3 Mr. Das, along with his friends, ____________ arriving here tonight.

(i)

is

(ii)

are
Q-4 The boy with his dog ____ here last night.

(i)

was

(ii)

were
Q-5 Annie and her brothers _________ at school.

(i)

is

(ii)

are
Chapter-20   Adverbs
Q-1 Complete the sentences with the suitable adverbs given in the box.
(a) I ____________ go to bed at 10 o' clock.
(b) I have ____________ been to the US.
(c) I have been to Australia just ____________.
(d) I ____________ take a bath before I go to bed.
(e) My grandparents live in Kerala. I visit them ____________.
(f) My friends are ____________ vegetarian.
Q-2 Write the correct comparave or superlave adverbial form of the word given in the brackets
(a) I speak English (fluent) ____________ now than last year
(b) She greeted me (polite) ____________ of all.
(c) She smiled (happy) ____________ than before.
(d) This girl dances (graceful) ____________ of all.
(e) Could you write (clear) ____________?
(f) Planes can fly (high) ____________ than birds.
(g) He had an accident last year. Now, he drives (careful) ____________ than before.
(h) Jim can run (fast) ____________ than John.
Chapter-21   Prepositions
Q-1 Fill in the blanks
(a) We need new batteries ________________ the remote control.
(b) Is she a friends _________________ yours?
(c) We are going ____________________ jammu next week.
(d) These drinks are____________ those who do exercise.
(e) We ran _______ the end of the street
(f) You can see the island _______ here.
(g) The highlight _______ the show is at the end.
(h) I have lived in this house _______ 16 years.
Q-2 Fill in each blank with 'on', 'over', 'under', 'above' or 'below'.
(a) They flew ___ the woods and valleys
(b) My father goes to the office early ___ Thursday.
(c) Mount Everest is over 8,000 metres __________ sea level.
(d) There is a cat ______________ the table.
(e) Your grade is _______ average
(f) The baby crawled _______ the bed.
(g) A plane is flying _______ the village.
Q-3 Fill in each blank with 'behind', 'in front of', 'mean', 'between' or 'among'.
(a) You are always ___________ of the mirror.
(b) She is hiding ___________ the curtains.
(c) The baby is sleeping ____________ its mum and dad.
(d) He was ____________ the last to leave.
(e) Nobody else comes _______ her in intellect.
(f) I could not see anything because a tall man was standing _______ me
(g) You walk ahead and we will follow along _______.
Chapter-22   Conjunctions
Q-1 Fill in the blanks
(a) I need to work hard _____________________ I can pass the exam.
(b) ________________ he was the best candidate , he didn't win the elections.
(c) ___________________ you come back from your trip, we'll meet to discuss the problem.
(d) I don't know ______________ I can buy a pair of jeans.
(g) She went to the shops ____________ couldn't find anything that could fit her needs
(h) Everybody likes him because he is nice ____________ helpful.
(i) ____________ he was angry with her, he didn't uer a word.
(j) Keep quiet ____________ go out
Q-2 Use 'and' or 'but' to complete each sentence.
(a) It was a difficult exam, ___________ I passed it.
(b) She worked hard___________ made a lot of money.
(c) He looks too serious, ____________ in fact, he's so much fun.
(d) I was against the new project,____________ I accepted to help.
(e) He was late ____________wasn't allowed to get in.
(f) It was very expensive, ____________ I bought it.
(g) She was very poor, ____________ she never asked for help.
(h) He wanted to eat sushi for dinner, ____________ he couldn't find a Japanese restaurant.
Q-3 Fill in the blanks with the correct conjunctions.
(a) Jack always brushes his teeth _____ he has eaten a meal.
(b) It started to rain _____ the children were playing in the garden.
(c) Let's go home _____ it gets dark.
(d) Giveth is letter to Anne ____________ you see her
(e) She has known Jack ____________ he was a child.
(f) The party began at 8:00 pm and lasted ____________midnight.
(g) Alice looked unhappy ____________ she walked in.
Q-4 Underline the conjunctions in the following sentences.
(a) I used a torchlight as it was very dark by then.
(b) I wanted to go with them but my father did not let me go.
(c) The bull rushed straight at the lile boy but he quickly moved to one side.
(d) I locked myself in my bedroom so that I might not be disturbed.
(e) We had waited for you for a long me but you did not turn up at all.
(f) He was very pleased as he had won the first prize in the compeon.
(g) Priya did not buy that expensive pair of shoes though she liked them very much.
Chapter-23   Interjections
Q-1 Fill in the blanks with the suitable interjections.
(a) _____ This is beautiful.
(b) ____________ I have lost my book.
(c) _________________ You have done it.
(d) _____________ India has won the match.
(e) ____________ You have stepped on my foot.
(f) ____________ You have passed the test.
Q-2 Match the interjecons in Column A with their expressions in Column B.
Chapter-26   Listening Skills
Multiple Choice Questions
Q-1 Marine mammals live

(i)

in the water

(ii)

on land

(iii)

in the desert

(iv)

in the forest
Q-2 Dolphins do not

(i)

have a sense of smell

(ii)

have good eyesight

(iii)

have good hearing

(iv)

communicate
Q-3 An Orca is

(i)

smaller than an average person.

(ii)

a little bit larger than an average person.

(iii)

aboutthe same size as an average person.

(iv)

much larger than an average person.
Q-4 Which of the following would a dolphin probably not eat?

(i)

whale

(ii)

fish

(iii)

plants

(iv)

squid
Q-5 Soil is made up of a mixture of

(i)

rock, minerals, plants and some living/dead animals

(ii)

rock, minerals, tree trunks, shrubs and blacktop

(iii)

rock, dirt, sand, water, plants and metal

(iv)

rock, sand, water, tree trunks and plasc