Question bank
Chapter-1 Earth as a Planet in the Solar System
Q-1 Answer the following questions in brief.
(a) Name the scientist who calculated the correct circumference of the earth.
(b) Name the three main gases present in the earth's atmosphere.
(c) Why is the earth called a 'watery planet'?
(d) Why is human and plant life present on the earth?
(e) Mention three indirect evidences to show the spherical shape of the earth.
Q-2 Give reasons.
(a) The temperature on Jupiter never rises above - 105° C.
(b) The top of the ship is seen first when it is approaching the harbour and then the rest of the ship.
(c) Sunrise and sunset occur at different times in different parts of the world.
(d) The equatorial diameter of the earth is more than the polar diameter.
Q-3 Define the following.
(a) Ecosystem
(b) Biosphere
(c) Spheroid
(d) Autotrophs
Q-4 Distinguish between the following:
(a) Herbivore and carnivore
(b) Lithosphere and hydrosphere
(c) Temperate and tropical climate
(d) Circumference and diameter
Q-5 Answer the following questions in detail:
(a) Describe the factors which have made life possible on earth.
(b) Describe the Bedford Canal Experiment.
(c) Describe food chains of the biosphere.
Chapter-2 Latitudes and Longitudes
Q-1 Answer the following questions in brief.
(a) What is the importance of Great Circles?
(b) What is the International Date Line?
(c) How many time zones do the following countries have: Russia, U.S.A., India
(d) Why is time of England behind that of India? How much difference is there between I.S.T. and G.M.T.?
Q-2 Give reasons.
(a) There are no latitudes higher than 90 ° N and 90 ° S.
(b) The International Date Line is not a straight line like other lines of longitude.
(c) All parallels other than the equator are not Great Circles?
(d) There is a difference of four minutes between every one degree of longitude.
(e) A person travelling from Mumbai to London alters the time on his watch at several places.
(f) The distance between two consecutive meridians is equal to about 111 kilometres only at the equator.
Q-3 Define the following:
(a) Geographical Grid.
(b) Longitude
Q-4 Distinguish between the following.
(a) Indian Standard Time and Greenwich Mean Time
(b) Latitudes and parallels of latitude
(c) Great Circles and small circles
(d) Local Time and Standard Time
(e) Latitudes and Longitudes
Q-5 Give a single term for each of the following :
(a) A circle dividing the globe into two equal parts.
(b) While crossing it the date changes.
(c) Line of latitude 66½°N
(d) Line of latitude 23½°S.
Q-6 Answer the following questions in detail :
(a) Describe the term 'latitude'. Discuss the important latitudes.
(b) Describe the term 'International Date Line'. What is its significance?
(c) What do you mean by 'Longitude'? How is the longitude of a place determined?
Chapter-3 Motions of the Earth
Q-1 Answer the following questions in brief.
(a) (i) What are the two motions of the earth? (ii) Explain briefly how the earth undergoes both the motions simultaneously?
(b) (i) Explain what do you mean by 'the inclination of the Earth's Axis'. (ii) At what angle is the earth tilted?
(c) (i) Which movement of the earth causes day and night? (ii) On which dates are the days and nights equal all over the world?
(d) Why is Norway called the 'Land of the Midnight Sun'?
Q-2 Give reasons.
(a) We see the sunrise in the east and sunset in the west.
(b) Every fourth year is a Leap Year.
(c) Days are longer and the nights are shorter in the Southern Hemisphere on 22nd December.
(d) The sun is never overhead beyond the Tropics.
(e) We do not feel the great speeds of earth's rotation in day-to-day life.
(f) On the 22nd December, the altitude in higher latitudes than at equator.
(g) Places lying on equator have the duration of daylight almost constant throughout the year.
Q-3 Define the following:
(a) Axis
(b) Circle of Illumination
(c) Orbit
(d) Northern Hemisphere
Q-4 Distinguish between the following:
(a) Perihelion and Aphelion
(b) Equinox and Solstice
(c) Rotation and Revolution
(d) Direct and Oblique rays of the sun
Q-5 Answer the following questions in detail:
(a) Discuss the consequences of inclination of Earth's axis.
(b) Distinguish between Winter Solstice and Summer Solstice and Vernal and Autumnal Equinoxes with the help of diagrams.
(c) What are the effects of earth's rotation?
Chapter-4 The Earth—Lithosphere
Q-1 Answer the following questions in brief.
(a) (i) What is the plate tectonic theory? (ii) Name the two types of forces responsible for the movement of plates.
(b) Mention two characteristics of the core of the earth.
(c) At what rate does the temperature increase as we go deeper into the earth's crust?
(d) Name the three types of rocks found in the lithosphere.
Q-2 Give reasons.
(a) The centre of the earth is found in a semi-molten state.
(b) SIAL is lighter than the SIMA.
(c) Mantle is in a solid state even though the surrounding temperature are very high.
(d) lsostasy restores the equilibrium of the earth.
(e) Barysphere is also called "Nife".
Q-3 Define the following.
(a) Earth's crust
(b) Asthenosphere
(c) Nife
(d) lsostasy
(e) Mantle
Q-4 Distinguish between the following.
(a) SIMA and SIAL
(b) Mantle and Crust
(c) Volcanoes and Earthquakes
(d) Mesophere and Barysphere
Q-5 Answer the following questions in detail.
(a) What do you mean by Lithosphere?
(b) Describe the layers of the earth.
Chapter-5 Landforms of the Earth
Q-1 Answer the following questions in brief.
(a) (i) What are fold mountains? (ii) How have they been formed?
(b) Which type of mountains have been formed due to faulting?
(c) (i) How have volcanic mountains been formed? (ii) Name two mountains which have been formed in the above manner.
(d) (i) Give two characteristics of plateaus. (ii) Describe an intermontane plateau.
(e) What are outwash plains?
Q-2 Give reasons.
(a) Glaciated plains have rounded peaks and broad flat valleys
(b) Piedmont plains are formed at the foothills of the mountains.
(c) Salt lakes are found in semi-arid regions.
(d) Loess plains are very fertile.
(e) Mountains are sparsely populated.
Q-3 Define the following.
(a) Rift valley
(b) Peneplain
(c) Alluvial plains
(d) Karst plain
(e) Cordillera
(f) Ridge
(g) Peak
(h) Range
(i) Till Plain
(j) Chain
Q-4 Distinguish between the following.
(a) Young fold mountains and Old fold mountains
(b) Flood plains and Delta plains
(c) Piedmont plateau and Continental plateau
{d) Loess Plains and Structural plains
(e) Plateau and Plain
Q-5 Answer the following questions in detail.
(a) Describe the different stages in the growth of mountains.
(b) Discuss the different types of plateaus.
(c) Describe the features of alluvial plains.
(d) Why and how are plains the centre of all human activity?
Chapter-6 Types of Rocks
Q-1 Answer the following questions in brief.
(a) What is meant by a 'rock'?
(b) In what type of rocks do you find fossils and why?
(c) How are chemically, formed sedimentary rocks produced? Give examples.
(d) Name different types of igneous rocks.
(e) Give two examples of metamorphic rocks.
Q-2 Give reasons.
(a) Sedimentary rocks are also called stratified rocks.
(b) Igneous rocks are also called primary rocks.
Q-3 Define the following:
(a) Metamorphic rocks
(b) Plutonic rocks
(c) Lacustrine rock
(d) Aeolian rocks
Q-4 Distinguish between the following
(a) Rocks and minerals
(b) Thermal and Dynamic metamorphism
(c) Regional and contact metamorphism
(d) Intrusive and Extrusive Igneous Rocks
(e) Sandstone and Conglomerate
(f) Calcareous and Carboniferous Rocks
Q-5 Answer the following questions in detail :
(a) Describe how sedimentary and igneous rocks are formed with examples.
(b) How are rocks important to us?
(c) What is rock cycle? Discuss economic importance of rocks.
Chapter-7 Types of Volcanoes
Q-1 Answer the following questions in brief.
(a) What are volcanoes?
(b) Which type of lavas weather into more fertile soil?
(c) Name some extinct volcanoes.
(d) What is a tsunami?
Q-2 Give reasons.
(a) Basic lava cones are broader than the Acid lava cones.
(b) The Circum-Pacific Belt of volcanoes is called "The Ring of Fire".
(c) The Volcanic material reaches the earth's surface in some cases while in other it gets deposited within the rocks of the earth's crust.
Q-3 Define the following.
(a) Crater of a volcano
(b) Spine or plug
(c) Ring of fire
(d) Geyser
(e) Hot Spring
(f) Dyke
Q-4 Distinguish between the following.
(a) Lava and Magma
(b) Acidic Lava and Basic Lava
(c) Cinder Cone and Composite Cone
(d) Crater and Caldera
(e) Fissure Type Volcano and Central Type volcano
(f) Lacolith and Lapolith
Q-5 Answer the following questions in detail.
(a) How are volcanoes formed?
(b) Describe the distribution of volcanoes in the world.
(c) What are the influences of volcanic eruptions on man?
(d) Describe the factors responsible for a tsunami.
Chapter-8 Earthquakes
Q-1 Answer the following questions in brief.
(a) What is an earthquake?
(b) Give two major causes of earthquakes.
(c) Name the major earthquakes of India.
(d) Name some instruments used to measure the intensity of an earthquake.
Q-2 Give reasons
(a) The belts of volcanic activity and earthquakes are roughly the same.
(b) Earthquakes are frequent in Japan.
Q-3 Define the following.
(a) Epicentre of an earthquake
(b) Sesimology
Q-4 Answer the following questions in detail.
(a) Describe the world's distribution of earthquakes.
(b) Mention some main effects of earthquakes.
Chapter-9 Folding and Faulting
Q-1 Answer the following questions in brief.
(a) What are the two types of forces which produce different types of landforms on the earth's surface?
(b) Mention different types of fold.
(c) How can you say that Himalayas are fold mountains?
(d) Name all principal fold mountains of the world.
(e) What do you mean by 'faulting'?
Q-2 Give reasons.
(a) Earth movements have modified the earth's surface.
(b) Internal processes are different from external processes.
(c) Folding and faulting frequently go together.
(d) Himalaya is a young fold mountain.
Q-3 Define the following.
(a) Folding
(b) Nappe
(c) Tectonic Movement
(d) Rift valley
Q-4 Distinguish between the following.
(a) Vertical Earth Movements and Horizontal Earth Movements
(b) Normal fault and Thrust fault
(c) Recumbent and Overthrust folds
(d) Symmetrical and Asymmetrical folds
(e) Graben and Horst
Q-5 Answers the following questions in detail.
(a) How are 'rift valley' and 'horst' formed?
(b) What are 'anticlines' and 'synclines' in a fold mountain?
(c) Explain the formation of tilted block mountains and lifted block mountains.
Chapter-10 Weathering and Mass Wasting
Q-1 Answer the following questions in brief.
(a) What is 'Biological Weathering'?
(b) What is the importance of water in mass wasting?
(c) What is creep? Why does it trigger landslide?
(d) What is a 'Topple'?
(e) Describe briefly the factors which affect the rate of weathering.
(f) How is slumping caused?
Q-2 Give reasons.
(a) Exfoliated rocks are found which affect the rate of weathering.
(b) Climate is the most important factor affecting weathering.
Q-3 Define the following.
(a) Mass wasting
(b) Fall
(c) Oxidation
(d) Carbonation
(e) Desilication
(f) Angle of repose
(g) Landslide
(h) Weathering
(i) Exfoliation
Q-4 Distinguish between the following.
(a) Mechanical Weathering and Chemical Weathering
(b) Frost disintegration and hydraulic action
(c) Hydration and Carbonation
(d) Pressure Release and Salt Crystal Growth Weathering
Q-5 Answer the following questions in detail.
(a) Explain the process of physical weathering giving examples.
(b) What are the factors that initiates slope movement?
(c) Describe various types of weathering briefly.
Chapter-11 Work of River and Wind
Q-1 Answer the following questions in brief.
(a) What do you mean by denudation?
(b) Name the factors which affect work of a river.
(c) What is the main function of a river in its upper course? Name the landforms in the upper course of a river.
(d) How is river water formed?
(e) State the two characteristics of a river in its middle course.
(f) How are meanders formed? Give one example of a meander.
(g) Name two landforms in lower course of a river.
(h) Where is wind erosion most predominant?
(i) What are known as Deflation Hollows?
(j) Name two chief landforms of wind deposition.
(k) Name two chief types of sand dunes.
(I) State any two characteristics of barchans.
Q-2 Structured Questions.
(a) State the difference between weathering and denudation.
(b) Name the various processes involved in denudation. What are the results of denudation?
(c) Give a geographical reason for each of the following: (i) Erosion is dominant activity of a river in its upper course. (ii) Landforms of deposition are more prominent in the middle course of a river. (iii) All the rivers do not form deltas.
(d) Describe the work of wind erosion and state two important landforms of wind erosion.
(e) Briefly describe the factors which affect the work of a river.
(f) Describe the three stages in the life of a river.
(g) Give the geographical reason for each of the following. (i) The effects of wind erosion are more pronounced in desert areas. (ii) Migratory sand dunes are uncertain and dangerous. (iii) Long rooted trees and sand holding grasses are grown bordering fields near deserts.
(h) State the factors on which the shape and size of dunes depend.
Chapter-12 The Ocean
Q-1 Answer the following questions in brief.
(a) Name the different types of movements in ocean waters.
(b) How are waves formed? Name the different forms of waves.
(c) What is a Whirlpool?
(d) Name some prominent currents of Pacific Ocean.
(e) Describe briefly the 'South West Monsoon Drift'.
(f) Name a cold ocean current partly responsible for the formation of desert.
Q-2 Give reasons.
(a) Ships prefer to sail along ocean currents.
(b) Rich fishing grounds occur where warm and cold oceans currents meet.
(c) Many ports of North Western Europe remain open even during winters.
(d) There is heavy fog in Newfoundland all round the year.
Q-3 Define the following.
(a) Monsoon
(b) Tide
(c) Breakers
(d) Crest of a wave
Q-4 Distinguish between the following .
(a) Spring and Neap Tides
(b) Flood Tide and Ebb Tide
(c) Tidal Wave and Wind Wave
(d) Ocean Drift and Ocean Creep
(e) Warm and Cold currents
Q-5 Answer the following questions in details.
(a) What are tides? How are they formed?
(b) What are the factors which cause ocean currents?
(c) Describe the main currents of the Atlantic Ocean
(d) How do ocean currents influence the weather or climate? Point out the importance of El Nino in this respect.
(e) What is the importance of tidal waves for human society?
Chapter-13 The Realm of Air
Q-1 Answer the following questions in brief.
(a) Name the different layers of the atmosphere.
(b) Mention two main functions of the atmosphere.
(c) Give two ways in which our earth can be affected by global warming?
Q-2 Give reasons.
(a) Composition of air is fairly uniform in the lower layers of the atmosphere.
(b) Troposphere is an area of turbulence containing much water vapour and dust.
(c) Ionosphere is of great help in wireless communication.
(d) Ozone is considered a form of oxygen.
Q-3 Define the following.
(a) Global Warming
(b) Greenhouse Effect
( c) Atmosphere
(d) Tropopause
(e) Ozone
Q-4 Distinguish between the following.
(a) Maritime and Continental Climate
(b) Temperate and Torrid Zone
(c) Weather and Climate
(d) Ionosphere and Exosphere
Q-5 Answer the following questions in detail.
(a) Describe the layers of the atmosphere.
(b) What is the significance of atmosphere for the Earth?
(c) What is the significance of Ozone. Describe the effects of its depletion.
Chapter-14 Air Temperature
Q-1 Answer the following questions in brief.
(a) (i) What is an ocean current? (ii) Name two warm and two cold ocean currents.
(b) (i) Explain the term 'Normal Lapse Rate'. (ii) How does it take place?
(c) Why are isotherms not parallel to the lines of latitude?
(d) What is heat balance?
Q-2 Give reasons for the following :
(a) Soils that are light in colour reflect more heat than soils that are dark in colour.
(b) Areas near the equator receive more insolation than those areas which are away from it.
(c) Ports on the western coasts of Europe remain ice-free during winter.
(d) Deserts experience a high diurnal range of temperature.
(e) South facing slopes in the Northern Hemisphere are warmer.
(f) Fogs are caused in Newfoundland.
(g) Prayagraj (Allahabad) has a greater range of temperature than Kolkata.
Q-3 Distinguish between the following.
(a) Torrid and Frigid zone
(b) Sea breeze and land breeze
(c) Sirocco and Mistal
(d) Range of Temperature and Diurnal Range of Temperature
(e) Prevailing and Local winds
Q-4 Define the following.
(a) Terrestrial Radiation
(b) Isotherm
(c) Inversion of Temperature
(d) Latitudinal heat balance
(e) Maximum and Minimum Temperature
(f) lnsolation
Q-5 Answer the following questions in detail.
(a) Explain the effect of latitude and altitude on temperature of a place.
(b) How do the breezes that blow during the day and those that blow during the night affect the temperature of a place situated in the coastal region?
(c) Where in India, is the annual range of temperature greatest? Give reasons.
(d) Describe the heat zones of the Earth.
Chapter-15 Air in Motion - Air Pressure and Winds
Q-1 Answer the following questions in brief.
(a) What is cyclone?
(b) (i) Explain the phenomenon of the 'Shifting of the Wind Belts'? (ii) Where does it take place?
(c) (i) What are the monsoons? (ii) Name the two monsoon winds that cause rainfall in India.
(d) (i) Name the Pressure Belts of the World. (ii) Give the latitudinal extent of these Belts.
(e) Name the major planetary winds blowing on the earth.
Q-2 Give reasons for the following.
(a) We have difficulty in breathing while climbing high mountains.
(b) Westerlies of Southern Hemisphere blow with greater force than those of Northern Hemisphere.
(c) The Sirocco withers vegetation and causes damage to crops.
(d) The atmospheric pressure is not the same at all the places.
(e) There is high pressure at the poles.
(f) Mumbai and Chennai enjoy fairly moderate temperature conditions throughout the year.
(g) Mediterranean lands receive most of the rainfall in the winter season.
(h) The atmospheric pressure of town X on the Equator is lower than that at town Yon latitude 30°N.
Q-3 Define the following.
(a) Atmospheric pressure
(b) Convection Currents
(c) Coriolis Force
(d) Anti-Cyclone
(e) Ferrell's Law
Q-4 Distinguish between the following.
(a) High and Low Pressure
(b) Isobar and Isotherm
(c) Wind Vane and Anemometer
(d) Temperate and Tropical Cyclone
(e) Planetary and seasonal winds
(f) Doldrums and Horse Latitudes
Q-5 Answer the following questions in detail.
(a) What are the causes of Sub-Tropical High Pressure Belts and Sub-Polar Pressure Belts?
(b) What are "Trade Winds"? How are they caused?
(c) What are 'Westerlies'? How are they caused?
(d) What factors cause the deflection in the direction of the trade winds in the Northern Hemisphere?
(e) Describe the weather conditions in the direction of the trade winds in the Northern Hemisphere.
(f) Give an account of monsoon system of South East Asia.
Chapter-16 Humidity in the Atmosphere
Q-1 Answer the following questions in brief.
(a) Mention two ways in which relative humidity can increase.
(b) How are clouds formed?
(c) Name two regions in the world where conventional rainfall occurs.
(d) Give two main characteristics of conventional rain.
(e) Why is there very heavy rain along the windward slope of the Western Ghats?
(f) How is the distribution of rainfall shown on the map?
Q-2 Give reasons .
(a) The rainfall is low in the Polar Regions.
(b) On-shore winds bring more rain than off-shore winds.
(c) Mumbai receives more rain than Pune.
(d) Rainfall occurs daily in the equatorial regions.
(e) Fogs occur off the coast of Newfoundland.
Q-3 Define the following.
(a) Rain-Shadow Area
(b) Condensation
(c) lsohyets
(d) Precipitation
(e) Rainbow
Q-4 Distinguish between the following.
(a) Dew and Frost
(b) Relative Humidity and Absolute Humidity
(c) Fog and Mist
(d) Snowfall and Hail
(e) Windward and Leeward slope of a mountain
Q-5 Answer the following questions in detail.
(a) Describe the three types of rainfall with the help of diagrams.
(b) Describe the distribution of rainfall in the world.
(c) Name two types of rainfall that India gets and also describe the cause of each of them.
Chapter-17 Factors That Influence the Variation of Climate
Q-1 Answer the following questions in brief
(a) Mention two factors responsible for the diversity of climate in different parts of the world.
(b) How does the altitude control the temperature and rainfall of a place?
(c) Why is the heat more intense at the equator?
(d) Name the three types of surface covering found on the earth.
(e) Name two main elements of climate.
Q-2 Give reasons:
(a) We divided the world into natural regions.
(b) The temperature decreases as we travel from the Equator to the Poles.
(c) The movement of ocean currents is dependent on the wind direction.
(d) Gas and dust particles thrown up during volcanic eruption result in cooling of the atmosphere.
(e) Places near the sea have a more equable climate than places farther away.
Q-3 Define the following:
(a) Volcano
(b) Sunspots
(c) High Latitudes
(d) Sea Breeze
Q-4 Differentiate between the following:
(a) Weather and climate
(b) Continental and maritime climate
(c) Cyclone and anti-cyclone
(d) Cold and warm current
( e) Altitude and latitude
Q-5 Answer the following questions in detail:
(a) What are the factors on which the climate of any place depends?
(b) Which are the climatic types found in the Torrid Zone?
(c) Describe briefly the climatic types of North and South Temperate Zones.
Chapter-18 Equatorial Region (Equatorial Rain Forests)
Q-1 Answer the following questions in brief.
(a) Give the location of the equatorial rain forest region.
(b) Name two regions in the world where the equatorial climate is experienced.
(c) Why are the equatorial forests known as the 'Lungs of the World'.
(d) Name five hard-wood trees that grow in the equatorial forests.
(e) Name two important products for which Malaysia is well known.
Q-2 Give reasons:
(a) The temperature of Equatorial Rain forest Regions is high throughout the year.
(b) The climatic conditions of the Equatorial Climate are unfavourbale for man.
(c) The rainfall of the Equatorial Regions is heavy in March and September.
(d) Vegetation is luxuriant in the equatorial forests.
(e) Hardwood trees have to be transported by boat and are therefore expensive.
Q-3 Define the following:
(a) Selvas
(b) Conventional rain
(c) Equinoxes
(d) Deciduous trees
(e) Sparse population
Q-4 Distinguish between the following:
(a) Carnivorous and Herbivorous animals
(b) Plantation and subsistence agriculture
(c) Deciduous and evergreen trees
(d) Coastal and continental climates
Q-5 Answer the following questions in detail:
(a) Describe the special features of the equatorial type of climate.
(b) Why are equatorial forests not easy for commercial exploitation?
(c) Human response is often markedly different in different parts of the same region. Explain how this is true with reference to equatorial region.
Chapter-19 Tropical Grassland or Savanna Region
Q-1 Answer the following questions in brief
(a) Name some of the crops grown in tropical grassland region of South America.
(b) Name some countries in Africa over which the tropical grasslands extend.
(c) Name some trees which grow in tropical grassland region.
Q-2 Give reasons:
(a) "Tropical Grassland in Africa are also called 'Big Game Country".
(b) Livestock herding is practiced on a large scale in Savanna region of central Queensland in Australia.
Q-3 Define the following:
(a) Sudan type of climate
(b) Diurnal range of temperature
(c) Drought-resistant trees
Q-4 Distinguish between the following:
(a) Llanos and Campos
(b) Tropical Grassland and Equatorial Forests
Q-5 Answer the following questions in detail:
(a) Describe the climate of tropical grassland region.
(b) Describe the human response of the tropical grassland region.
(c) Describe the animal life of tropical grassland region.
Chapter-20 Tropical Desert Regions (Hot Deserts)
Q-1 Answer the following questions in brief.
(a) Name two important deserts of Africa, one in South America and one in North America.
(b) Mention four ways in which desert plants are able to survive in the dry conditions.
(c) Name two plants commonly found in deserts.
(d) Certain desert areas are densely populated. Name these areas and state why they attract human population.
(e) Name the cold current flowing along western coast of the Sahara which makes it drier.
Q-2 Give reasons:
(a) Hot deserts are found mainly on the western margins of continents.
(b) Thar Desert lies in the north-western part of India.
(c) The diurnal range of temperature is high in the desert.
(d) The rainfall is very low in deserts.
(e) Camel is known as the 'Ship of the Desert'.
Q-3 Define the following:
(a) Desertification
(b) Dormant vegetation
(c) Xerophytes
(d) Oasis
Q-4 Distinguish between :
(a) Hot and cold deserts
(b) Warm and cold currents
Q-5 Answer the following questions in detail:
(a) Describe the rainfall and temperature conditions of the hot desert type of climate.
(b) Describe the different types of animals found in the hot desert region.
Chapter-21 Tropical Monsoon Region
Q-1 Answer the following questions in brief.
(a) Mention the three factors on which the rainfall of the monsoon climate depend.
(b) Name two important trees of the monsoon regions.
(c) What is the name given to those trees that shed their leaves in the hot dry season.
(d) Name two countries in South Asia having the monsoon type of climate.
(e) Name the two important Monsoon winds causing rainfall in the monsoon lands.
Q-2 Give reasons.
(a) Famines and floods are common calamities in the monsoon lands.
(b) The vegetation is dependent on rainfall.
(c) The annual range of temperature increases as we go towards the interior of continents.
(d) The rainfall is heaviest between June and September in monsoon regions.
(e) The north-western part of the Indian Sub-continent receives rain in winter.
(f) The rainfall in Monsoon lands is cyclonic or relief in nature.
Q-3 Define the following:
(a) Range of Temperature
(b) Onshore winds
Q-4 Distinguish between the following:
(a) Famines and floods
Q-5 Answer the following questions in detail:
(a) Describe the location of the main areas having monsoon type of climate.
(b) Describe the distribution of rainfall in the monsoon type of climate.
(c) Discuss the natural vegetation of the monsoon lands and point out the characteristic of animal life that survives there.
Chapter-22 Mediterranean Region
Q-1 Answer the following questions in brief:
(a) How does the shifting of the Pressure Belts affect the climate of Mediterranean lands?
(b) Which winds cause rainfall in the winter months?
(c) Give two characteristics of the vegetation of the Mediterranean lands.
(d) Name four fruit trees commonly grown in the Mediterranean region.
(e) Name four major exports of the Mediterranean region.
Q-2 Give reasons:
(a) Most of the Mediterranean lands are unfavorable for animal grazing.
(b) The vegetation of Mediterranean regions consist mainly of broad-leafed evergreen forests.
(c) Population is very sparse in the Mediterranean lands.
(d) Most of the trees are Xerophytic in nature.
Q-3 Define the following:
(a) Sirrocco
(b) Maquis
(c) Mistral
(d) Orchard Farming
Q-4 Distinguish between :
(a) Westerlies and Trade Winds
(b) Natural and man made fibres
Q-5 Answer the following questions in detail :
(a) What are the characteristics of the Mediterranean type of climate?
(b) Most industries in the Mediterranean lands are agro-based. Why?
Chapter-23 Temperate Grassland Region
Q-1 Answer the following questions in brief.
(a) Mention the two reasons which are responsible for the major differences in temperature in various parts of the cool continental climatic regions.
(b) Explain how the Chinook winds influence the climate of the prairies.
(c) Describe the characteristic features of the natural vegetation of the grasslands.
(d) In which countries are the following grasslands located? 1. Prairies 2. Pampas 3. Downs 4. Steppes
(e) Give two ways by which the farmers safeguard their crops against the strong winds which blow in the Prairies.
Q-2 Give reasons:
(a) The Prairies have an extreme type of climate.
(b) There is an absence of all trees in the regions having the cool temperate continental type of climate.
(c) The grass remains dormant during the dry period.
(d) There is a climatic difference between the grasslands of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.
(e) The rainfall decreases from east to west in North America.
Q-3 Define the following.
(a) Chernozem soil
(b) Xerophytes
(c) Arable farming
(d) Dormant
( e) Herbivores
Q-4 Distinguish between:
(a) Prairies and Steppes
(b) Blizzards and Hurricanes
Q-5 Answer the following questions in detail:
(a) Describe the location and extent of the temperate grasslands of the world.
(b) Describe the animal life found in temperate grasslands of the world.
Chapter-24 Taiga Region
Q-1 Answer the following questions in brief:
(a) Name the main trees found in "Taiga" Region.
(b) Why are trees of 'Taiga' Region evergreen?
(c) Why are 'Taiga' Regions sparsely populated?
{d) Name some crops grown in 'Taiga' Region.
(e) Name some animals of 'Taiga' Region.
Q-2 Give reasons:
(a) There are no coniferous forests in Southern Hemisphere.
(b) Taiga Region is not favorable for agriculture.
(c) Coniferous forests are well adapted to their environment.
Q-3 Define the following:
(a) Taiga
(b) Xerophytes
(c) Lumbering
Q-4 Distinguish between:
(a) Hard wood and soft wood
(b) Equatorial and coniferous forest
Q-5 Answer the following questions in detail:
(a) Describe the location and areas of the coniferous forest-belts as stretched in the world.
(b) Describe the climate of the 'Taiga' Region.
(c) What are the special features of a coniferous tree?
Chapter-25 Tundra Region
Q-1 Answer the following questions in brief:
(a) What do you mean by 'Tundra'?
(b) Name some animals of Tundra region.
(c) Name some plants of Tundra region which spring up in summer.
(d) State the importance of reindeer in the Tundra regions.
Q-2 Give reasons:
(a) Tundra is a treeless cold desert region.
(b) Dwellers of Tundra are largely nomadic.
(c) Animals and birds of tundra migrate with the onset of winter.
Q-3 Define the following:
(a) Igloo
(b) Alpine Tundra
(c) Blizzard
Q-4 Distinguish between:
(a) Bush Tundra and Grass Tundra
(b) Sea Lapps and river lapps
Q-5 Answer the following questions in detail:
(a) Where are the Tundra regions found in the world?
(b) How far is it correct to say that Tundras are the cold desert?
(c) Describe the climate of the Tundra regions.
Chapter-26 Pollution Around Us
Q-1 Answer the following questions in brief:
(a) What are the different kinds of pollution?
(b) What are the major agents of air pollution?
(c) What is the significance of fresh water?
(d) What is the affect of pollution on marine environment?
(e) What are beta-rays?
Q-2 Give reasons:
(a) Marine ecosystem is an important constituent of global life-support system.
(b) Gamma rays are considered 'good tracers'.
(c) Noise pollution is the by-product of modern life-style.
Q-3 Define the following:
(a) Pollution
(b) Air Pollution
(c) Aquifers
Q-4 Answer the following questions in detail:
(a) Explain various aspects of water pollution.
(b) What are the major causes and effects of Radiation Pollution?
Chapter-27 Sources of Pollution and Major Pollutants
Q-1 Answer the following questions in brief:
(a) Name the principal air pollutants.
(b) What happens when SO2 react with water vapour?
( c) What is ozone?
(d) What are the point sources of water pollution?
(e) How does bacteria and virus contaminate water?
(f) Discuss briefly how atomic power plants are a source of radiation pollution.
Q-2 Give reasons:
(a) Acid rain is born out of mismanagement of factories.
(b) Marine environment gets adversely affected by an oil spill.
(c) Testing of nuclear weapons causes radiation pollution.
(d) Baking of bricks in brick kilns causes air pollution.
Q-3 Define the following:
(a) Radioactive isotopes
(b) Night Soil
(c) Acid Rain
(d) Smog
(e) SPM
Q-4 Answer the following questions in detail:
(a) Discuss in detail various sources of soil pollution.
(b) What are the causes and effects of oil spills?
(c) How thermal power plants contribute to water pollution?
Chapter-28 Effects of Pollution
Q-1 Answer the following questions in brief:
(a) Generally what health problems are caused by air pollution?
(b) How does Ozone layer protect the earth?
(c) How does deforestation contribute towards global warming?
(d) Name some common sources of noise pollution.
(e) What can be the resultant of damaged DNA?
Q-2 Give Reasons:
(a) An infamous pollution episode took place in London in the year 1952.
(b) Smaller dust particles are more dangerous than the larger ones.
(c) Noise can affect individual's ability to work efficiently.
Q-3 Define the following:
(a) Ozone layer
(b) Airborne particles
(c) Soil Pollution
(d) Radioactivity
Q-4 Answer the following questions in detail:
(a) Explain the phenomena of "Greenhouse Effect".
(b) Describe major after effects of global warming.
(c) What are the major disorders caused by Nitrogen Dioxide?
(d) What are the effects of 'thermal water pollution' on humans?
(e) What makes soil unfit for use?
(f) Discuss the effects of noise pollution in detail.
(g) What are the effects of radioactive pollution on humans?
(h) What caused Bhopal Gas Tragedy?
(i) What were the after effects of Chernobyl disaster?
Chapter-29 Preventive Measures
Q-1 Answer the following questions in brief:
(a) State two negative effects of vehicular emissions.
(b) Name any two gases emitted by vehicular emissions.
(c) What is meant by carpooling?
(d) Name any three modes of public transport used in India.
(e) What is 'No Smoking Zone'?
(f) State why should we use fossil fuels judiciously.
(g) State any three measures to save energy.
(h) What is Organic Farming?
Q-2 Structured Questions:
(1) Explain how are vehicles a source of air pollution.
(2) State any two advantages of carpooling.
(3) Why do we need to have an efficient public transport?
(4) Who are passive smokers? How does smoking harm passive smokers?
(5) Name any two legal provisions meant to deter smoking.
(6) State any two advantages of having a 'No Smoking Zone'.
(7) Why do we need to reduce our dependency on fossil fuels?
(8) Describe the measures an individual can take to reduce consumption of energy and to create a cleaner environment.
(9) Why is 'organic farming' so called?
(10) State any two principles of organic farming.
(11) What are the main characteristics of organic farming?
(12) State why is organic farming gaining popularity in recent times.
Chapter-30 Abatement of Pollution
Q-1 Answer the following questions in brief:
(a) Name some air pollution control methods.
(b) What are bug houses?
(c) What measures can be used to control radiation pollution?
Q-2 Define the following:
(a) Abatement of pollution
(b) Adsorption
(c) Remediation of soil
(d) Primary treatment of water effluents
Q-3 Distinguish between the following:
(a) Incinerators and Catalytic Reactors
(b) Chemical Treatment and Thermal treatment of soil
(c) Screening and Grit Removal
Q-4 Answer the following question in detail:
(a) Discuss briefly some air pollution control methods.
(b) How can local/govenment bodies help in abatement of pollution?
(c) What are the functions of Pollution Control Boards?